Chemical Battery Changes Our Life

Chemical Battery Changes Our Life

A chemical battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly into electrical energy. It is widely used in people’s daily life. Now we must have a good understanding of the working theory types and application of chemical batteries.

The working theory of chemical battery

In a chemical battery, the direct conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy is the result of spontaneous chemical reactions such as oxidation and reduction within the cell, which take place at the two electrodes respectively. The negative active substance consists of a reducing agent with a negative potential and is stable in the electrolyte, such as zinc, cadmium, lead, and other active metals and hydrogen or hydrocarbons.

The positive active substance consists of oxidizing agents with a positive potential and stability in the electrolyte, such as manganese dioxide, lead dioxide, nickel oxide, and other metal oxides, oxygen or air, halogens, and their salts, oxygenated acids and their salts, etc. Electrolytes are materials with good ionic conductivity, such as aqueous solutions of acids, bases, salts, organic or inorganic non-aqueous solutions, molten salts, or solid electrolytes.

When the external circuit is closed, a current flows through the external circuit due to the potential difference between the two electrodes. At the same time, inside the battery, since there are no free electrons in the electrolyte, the transfer of charge must be accompanied by oxidation or reduction reactions at the interface between the active material at both electrodes and the electrolyte, as well as the migration of reactants and reaction products.

Types of chemical battery

Lead-acid battery

The lead-acid battery (VRLA) is a battery whose electrodes are mainly made of lead and its oxides and whose electrolyte is a sulphuric acid solution. In the discharged state, the main component of the positive electrode is lead dioxide and the negative electrode is lead; in the charged state, the main component of both the positive and negative electrodes is lead sulfate.

Li-ion battery cell battery

The lithium-ion battery is a secondary battery (rechargeable battery) that works mainly by moving lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes. During charging and discharging, Li+ is embedded and de-embedded back and forth between the two electrodes: when charging, Li+ is de-embedded from the positive electrode and embedded in the negative electrode via the electrolyte, which is in a lithium-rich state; when discharging, the opposite is true.

Ni-MH batteries

Ni-MH batteries are a good performing type of battery. Ni-MH batteries are divided into high voltage Ni-MH batteries and low voltage Nickel-metal hydride batteries. The positive active substance of the Nickel-metal hydride battery is Ni(OH)2 (called NiO electrode), the negative active substance is metal hydride, also called hydrogen storage alloy (electrode called hydrogen storage electrode) and the electrolyte is 6 mol/L potassium hydroxide solution. Nickel-hydrogen batteries are increasingly being noticed as an important direction for hydrogen energy applications.

Application of chemical battery

According to the use can be divided into five sub-categories:

1, small chemical battery: small batteries with aqueous electrolytes or organic electrolytes and solid electrolytes are often used as a power source for microelectronic products and other small devices.

2、Chemical battery for portable equipment: Of all the batteries, the most familiar and inexpensive battery is probably the sealed “dry cell”, which is widely used in portable lamps, electric toys, radios, etc.

3、Lead-acid chemical battery: Every year, about 250 million SLI batteries are manufactured for internal combustion engine vehicles, consuming about one-third of the world’s lead production. Sintered lead-acid batteries are used in aircraft, helicopters, tanks, and special vehicles for onboard power, which has good low temperature performance, high discharge rate, and other important characteristics.

4, Vehicle-driven chemical battery: the widespread use of batteries to drive vehicles have many advantages: no noise, no pollution, saving fuel, and because the electric vehicle battery can be charged at night so that the main power generation system works more efficiently.

Application and use of lithium battery

Application and use of lithium battery

Application areas of lithium batteries


Lithium batteries are a class of rechargeable batteries that use graphite or other carbon materials as the negative electrode and lithium-containing compounds as the positive electrode. It is a type of battery that uses a non-aqueous electrolyte solution with lithium metal or lithium alloy as the positive/negative electrode material. The application fields of lithium battery are the Consumer goods field, Industrial field, special field, etc.
1. Consumer goods field
Mainly used in digital products, cell phones, mobile power, notebooks, and other electronic devices. Commonly used are 18650 lithium batteries and lithium polymer batteries.
2. Industrial field
Mainly used in medical electronics, photovoltaic energy storage, railroad infrastructure, security and communication, exploration and mapping, etc. Commonly used are energy storage/power lithium battery, lithium iron phosphate battery, lithium polymer battery, 18650 lithium battery.
3. Special field
Mainly used in the field of aerospace, naval vessels, satellite navigation, high energy physics, etc. Commonly used are ultra-low temperature lithium batteries, high-temperature lithium batteries, lithium titanate batteries, explosion-proof lithium batteries, etc.

lithium ion battery

Why does winter affect the use of lithium batteries?


Inside the lithium battery, all lithium ions are reserved for the positive electrode, while the negative electrode is made up of graphite (carbon) to form the lithium battery temperature. Between the positive and negative poles are contained electrolyte and diaphragm. And the discharge process of lithium batteries is the lithium-ion from the negative pole to the positive pole of the mobile process, and through the discharge of lithium batteries to supply the electric power required for the operation of electric vehicles.

Lithium battery temperature: speed science|Why the winter lithium battery travel range is not powerful? And in the case of falling temperatures, the speed of that charging and discharging process will slow down the lithium battery temperature. Thus, the current of discharge becomes smaller, and the capacity of the battery becomes smaller. The lithium battery is marked working temperature of 0-40 ℃.

But in fact, when the temperature is lower than 25 ℃, there will be a certain level of performance decline: the battery capacity is reduced, the discharge rate becomes slower, the battery output power becomes smaller. Lithium battery in 25 ℃ to reach a higher capacity value, 25 ℃ is a variety of range test temperature lithium battery temperature in the test. In fact, due to the different materials and processes of lithium batteries, the data are slightly different.