Lead acid batteries for golf carts are mainly driven by 6V, 8V and 12V batteries in series. Use the battery as traction. Most of them are flat batteries and tubular batteries with long service life. Long design life and good climbing performance. The golf cart battery uses a tubular positive plate. Including alloy grid, non-metallic sleeve and active material. The utility model is characterized in that the upper and lower ports of the non-metallic sleeve. The contact point with the grid is respectively provided with a plastic top cover with a through hole and a plastic bottom cover with a blind hole. The cross section of the conductive stiffener in the grid is rectangular. Alloy grille adopts metal cold stamping parts.
Lead acid battery is an important power supply for golf cart battery. Because the charging curve does not match. Most electric car batteries on golf courses will be damaged. The charging function of the battery plays a priority role in the service life and function of the battery. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to it.
The discharge depth of the battery has a great impact on the cycle service life of the battery.
Because the deeper the discharge depth, the greater the expansion and shortening of the electrode. The more positive active material falls off. Then, the discharge characteristics disappear and the function decreases until the service life stops. Therefore, deep discharge should be avoided when using the battery. Achieve shallow discharge and frequent charging. Generally, when the discharge depth is 50% – 70%, the battery can be charged once.
After the battery is discharged to the stop voltage, continuing to discharge will seriously damage the battery.
Because it is very easy to form irreversible sulfation at this time, the charging recovery capacity becomes poor, and even cannot be repaired. Therefore, over discharge shall be avoided during the operation of the battery. Although the current is very small, if it is discharged for a long time, the battery will be over discharged. Therefore, do not unlock for a long time and close it immediately when not in use.
The charging current shall be less than or equal to the charging current that the battery can withstand.
Otherwise, the excessive current generated by overcharge will lead to too fast consumption of electrolytic water and serious gas precipitation. Therefore, overcharging should be avoided as far as possible. Chargers produced by regular manufacturers ensure that the battery will not overcharge.
Lead acid batteries are especially afraid of power failure and discharge.
If stored for 3-7 days, it may be damaged for a long time. Therefore, please charge as soon as possible after use. For batteries that have not been used for a long time, the batteries should be charged every 15 days or so.
When the battery runs at high temperature, there is mainly overcharge.
In summer, the battery temperature should be reduced as much as possible. To ensure good heat dissipation. Avoid charging immediately after exposure to cool sunlight and stay away from heat sources. At low temperature, the main problem of charging is poor charging carrying capacity and insufficient charging. Loss of battery power.
Application status of lead-acid battery for golf cart
The power supply of golf cart is usually rich liquid lead-acid battery. Market survey found that the performance of golf cart lead-acid battery generally decreased significantly after more than one year of use, resulting in a greatly shortened service life. Replacing batteries also costs a lot. At the same time, the generation of a large number of waste batteries will do harm to the environment and human health.
Daily maintenance of golf cart lead-acid battery
Many users maintain the spherical car battery only at the stage of regularly adding distilled water and passing discharge detection. This method can not solve the problem of battery vulcanization. Balanced charging can reduce part of lead sulfate to active substances. In addition, in the process of balanced charging, the electrolyte temperature will rise, the corrosion to the electrode plate will intensify, and the water loss caused by gas precipitation will also increase. All these phenomena are not conducive to prolonging the service life of the battery.
12V lithium batteries to connect in series with three or four lithium batteries. The combined lithium battery pack, whose capacity is determined by the capacity of a single cell or the capacity of batteries connected in parallel, is a new type of safe and environmental protection battery.
12 lithium battery is a series combination of three 3.7V lithium batteries. The voltage of a single lithium battery when fully charged is 4.2V.That also call 4V in the same general environment. The voltage of the series battery add, which is what we call 12V lithium battery.
Battery capacity: there is no standard capacity, which according to the detail requirements of electrical appliances or equipment deployment. Generally, the capacity is 2200ma / h, 5Ah and 10Ah. In this way, the capacity of some electric vehicles can reach 20Ah or 50ah. The more batteries to connect in parallel, the greater the capacity.
Volume: the volume of 12V lithium battery according to the capacity of the battery. There is no one of the same specification. The larger the battery capacity, the larger the volume
Weight: Nowadays, many equipment are equipped with lithium batteries with large capacity and light weight. For example, electric vehicles used to use lead-acid batteries. Now many electric vehicles have become lithium batteries. Due to the large capacity, light weight and small volume of lithium batteries.
Charge discharge current: the charge discharge current of lithium battery according to the power of equipment. On the basis of constant voltage, the greater the power of the equipment, the greater the current to be output.
Application of 12V lithium battery
12V lithium ion batteries to use in electric vehicles, inverters, mobile DVD, UPS, GPS, medical setting equipment, etc. The application fields of cathode materials are obviously differentiated. At present, lithium cobalt oxide is still the main cathode material in the field of small lithium batteries, which to use in the traditional 3C field. Ternary materials and lithium manganate to use in small lithium batteries.
Characteristics of 12V lithium battery
Lithium battery has attracted great interest and attention because of its high specific energy, long cycle life and wide working temperature range. The average price of each cycle battery is not high, and it also shows a downward trend. Lithium ion batteries have significant advantages in performance, mainly in the following aspects.
High operating voltage
Choose a suitable lithium intercalation compound as the positive electrode of the battery and a suitable electrolyte system. Can make the lithium battery have a higher working voltage. It is much higher than the working voltage of an aqueous battery.
Large specific capacity
Although replacing metal lithium with carbonaceous materials will reduce the material mass specific capacity, in fact, in order to ensure that the battery has a certain cycle life, the negative metal lithium is usually more than three times excessive. Therefore, the actual reduction of mass specific capacity in lithium battery is not large, and the volume specific capacity almost not reduce.
High energy density
The higher working voltage and volume specific capacity determine the higher energy density of secondary lithium battery. Compared with the widely used Ni Cd battery and Ni MH battery, the secondary lithium battery has the highest energy density and still has great development potential.
Good safety performance and long cycle life
The reason why the battery with metal lithium as anode is unsafe is that multiple charges and discharges change the cathode structure of lithium-ion battery and form porous dendrites. When the temperature increases, it has a violent exothermic reaction with the electrolyte, and the dendrites can pierce the diaphragm and cause internal short circuit. However, the lithium battery does not have this problem, so it is very safe. In order to avoid the presence of metal lithium in the battery, the voltage to controll during charging. For safety, the lithium battery to equip with multiple safety devices. During the charging and discharging process of lithium battery, there is no structural change in the insertion and de embedding of lithium ions on the cathode and anode. Because the lithium intercalation compound is more stable than metal lithium, lithium dendrites will not forme during the charging and discharging process, which significantly improves the safety performance of the battery and greatly improves the cycle life. Department of transportation and iait in 1989 and 1990, respectively.
Low self discharge rate
Lithium battery adopts non-aqueous electrolyte system, and lithium embedded carbon material is thermodynamically unstable in non-aqueous electrolyte system. During the first charge and discharge process, due to the reduction of electrolyte, a layer of solid electrolyte mesophase film will be formed on the surface of carbon negative electrode, which allows lithium ions to pass but does not allow electrons to pass, and makes the electrode active substances with different charged states in a relatively stable state, so it has a low self discharge rate.
Clean and pollution-free
Lithium battery does not contain toxic substances such as lead, mercury, etc. At the same time, because the battery must be well sealed, there is little gas emission during use, which does not pollute the environment.
High current efficiency
Unlike any previous secondary battery in aqueous solution system, lithium battery will not produce gas during normal charge and discharge, and the current efficiency is close to 100%. This property is especially suitable for battery pack for power storage and conversion.
Correct maintenance of lithium battery
The temperature is suitable to prevent cold and heat. When the lithium battery is idle, there is usually no safety accident. The purpose of daily maintenance is to place the lithium battery in a suitable environment, so as to delay the aging of the battery. In fact, one of the parameters of lithium battery design is the appropriate temperature. We are talking about idle state only in terms of normal environment. Therefore, the suitable environment for daily maintenance of lithium battery should be four words: ventilation and shade. These four words shall be followed whether the lithium battery is idle independently or ready for use in electrical appliances.
Among the correct use methods of lithium battery, the lithium battery charging method is the most important, because the incorrect charging method will cause safety problems, and the discharge and daily maintenance only affect the service life of lithium battery. Lithium battery itself is also a consumable. No matter what method we take, we can’t avoid its final loss, but we use the correct method, Just delaying its aging.
12v lifepo4 battery uses lithium iron phosphate as the cathode material of lithium battery pack. It is the most environmentally friendly, longest life, safest and highest discharge rate of all lithium battery packs. Lifepo4 battery has many advantages compared with a single Lifepo4 battery.
The working principle of 12v lifepo4 battery is the same as that of lithium battery pack. It is a process of charging and discharging through lithium ion moving back and forth at the positive and negative poles of the battery and through electrolyte.
Advantages of 12v lifepo4 battery
Improvement of safety performance
The P-O bond in lithium iron phosphate crystal i stable and not easy to be destroyed. Even at high temperature or overcharge, the structure will not collapse like lithium cobalt oxide. It will not release heat or form strong oxidizing substances, so it has good safety.
Improve our life
The cycle life of long-life lead-acid battery is about 300 times, up to 500 times. hile the cycle life of 12v lifepo4 battery is more than 2000 times, which can reach 2000 times with standard charging. Lead acid batteries of the same quality are new half a year, old half a year and maintenance half a year. The longest service life is 1 ~ 1.5 years, while lifepo4 battery to use under the same conditions with a theoretical service life of 7 ~ 8 years. In general, the performance price ratio is more than four times that of lead-acid battery in theory. High current 2c, fast charge and discharge. Under the special charger, the battery can charge 1.5C within 40 minutes, and the starting current can reach 2c, but the lead-acid battery has no such performance.
Good high temperature performance
The maximum electric temperature of lifepo4 battery can reach 350 ℃ – 500 ℃. The working temperature range is wide, and the maximum electrical temperature of high temperature resistant lithium iron phosphate can be 350 ℃ – 500 ℃.
High-capacity
When the battery continues to operate at full load, it will quickly drop below the rated capacity. This phenomenon to call memory effect. For example, Ni MH batteries and Ni Cd batteries have memory, while lifepo4 battery do not. No matter what state the battery is in, it can charge and use at any time without extinguishing it before charging.
Light weight
The volume of lithium iron phosphate battery with the same capacity is two-thirds of that of lead-acid battery and one-third of that of lead-acid battery.
Environment protection
Lifepo4 battery is generally considered to be free of any heavy metals and rare metals, non-toxic, pollution-free . Therefore, lifepo4 battery favored by the industry, mainly due to environmental considerations. With China’s accession to the WTO, China’s export of electric bicycles will rise rapidly, and the electric bicycles entering Europe and the United States have to have pollution-free batteries.
Precautions for 12v lifepo4 battery
Service environment of 12v lifepo4 battery
The operating environment temperature of lifepo4 battery shall be appropriate. In a clean, dry and ventilated environment with a temperature of 0 ~ 40 ℃ and a relative humidity of no more than 75%, avoid contact with corrosive substances and stay away from fire and heat sources.
Precautions for discharge of 12v lifepo4 battery
The lifepo4 battery has an overcurrent protection function. When the service current of the electrical equipment exceeds the maximum output current of the lifepo4 battery, the overcurrent protection circuit makes the electrical equipment look unable to work normally.
Precautions for 12v lifepo4 battery
The output of the discharge terminal controll by the switch on the panel. The discharge terminal turns off the output only when the battery voltage is lower than 9V. The purpose is to protect the lifepo4 battery from excessive discharge, which is the process of the microprocessor on the control board entering sleep. You need to turn off the switch manually and turn on the switch when the battery voltage is ≥ 9V to wake up the microprocessor. The display screen can display the battery voltage value, and the USB can have 5V output.
Maintenance of 12v lifepo4 battery
The battery to charge before the first discharge of the battery. The battery to fully charged and discharged for 3 ~ 5 times, the battery can reach the maximum capacity.
When the battery is low, it can charged in time, which will be beneficial to prolong the battery life. If the battery is not charged in time, it will affect the service life of the battery. If the battery needs to be put aside for a long time, it is best to keep the battery in a semi electric state, and charge the battery every 2 months for one hour.
The battery can install in a well ventilated, dry and clean environment. When charging, avoid the fire source and inflammables from approaching and disconnecting the load.
The working ambient temperature of the battery is 5 ~ 40 ℃. If it is outside this temperature range, the performance of the battery may change. It is a normal phenomenon that the battery capacity changes or the equipment operation time changes.
Not use organic solvents to clean the battery case. In case of accidental fire in the battery, carbon dioxide shall not be used to extinguish the fire, but carbon tetrachloride or sand shall be used to extinguish the fire. The battery is a consumable and its limited life. Please replace the battery in time when the battery capacity performance is lower than 80% of the rated capacity.
18650 is the ancestor of lithium ion battery. Where 18 represents a diameter of 18mm, 65 represents a length of 65mm, and 0 represents a cylindrical battery. At present, the domestic cell capacity is mature, and the capacity supplied in batches is basically within 2600mAH.
Advantages of lithium ion 18650 battery
Large capacity
The capacity of lithium ion 18650 battery is between 1200mAh and 3100mah, while the general battery is only about 800.
Long life
The service life of lithium ion 18650 battery is very long, and the cycle life can reach more than 500 times in normal use, which is more than twice that of ordinary batteries.
High safety performance
Lithium ion 18650 battery has high safety performance, no explosion, no pollution and so on . All security can be completed at one time. The number of cycles is greater than 500. It has good high temperature , the reaches 100% at 65 ℃. In order to prevent battery short circuit, the positive and negative poles of lithium ion 18650 battery are separated. Therefore, the possibility of short circuit has been reduced to the limit. The protective plate can be putted to prevent overcharge and discharge of the battery and extend the service life of the battery.
High voltage
The voltage of 18650 lithium-ion battery is generally above 3.6 and 3.7, which is much higher than the 1.2V voltage of nickel cadmium and nickel hydrogen battery.
No memory effect
It is not necessary to empty the remaining power before charging, which is convenient to use.
Small internal resistance
The internal resistance of polymer cell is smaller than that of general liquid cell. The internal resistance of domestic polymer cell can even be less than 35m, which greatly reduces the self power consumption of battery and prolongs the standby time of mobile phone, which can fully reach the level in line with international standards. This polymer lithium battery supporting large discharge current is an ideal choice for remote control model and has become a promising alternative to Ni MH battery.
Lithium ion 18650 battery pack can be combined in series or in parallel
Wide application range
Notebook computers, walkie talkies, portable DVDs, instruments and meters, audio equipment, aircraft models, toys, cameras, digital cameras and other electronic equipment.
Application of lithium ion 18650 battery
18650 lithium battery life theory is 1000 times of cyclic charging. Due to the large capacity per unit density, most of them are used for laptop batteries. In addition, because of its excellent stability at work, 18650 is widely used in various electronic fields: high-end strong light flashlight, portable power supply, wireless data transmitter, electric heating warm clothes, shoes, portable instruments, portable lighting equipment, portable printer, industrial instruments, medical instruments, etc.
Another biggest advantage of 18650 lithium battery is that it has a single model and is easy to realize fully automated production, so as to ensure the consistency of battery batches. It is used in large energy storage, electric vehicles and other fields requiring high voltage and large capacity. For example, Tesla Motors uses Panasonic high-capacity 18650 lithium-ion batteries for series and parallel connection of more than 8000. Most domestic automotive batteries also adopt this scheme; More and more energy storage base stations and photovoltaic power storage fields are also choosing 18650 lithium batteries in series and parallel to replace the limited lead-acid batteries with high pollution.
18650 precautions for use
Use 18650 lithium battery correctly. Do not mix with primary battery or other batteries of different capacity, type or brand. Do not use batteries with peculiar smell, heating, discoloration or deformation or abnormal in any way. If the battery is in use or charging, remove the battery from the device or charger and stop using it immediately.
The main components of new energy electric vehicle are power battery, motor and energy conversion control system. In order to achieve high performance such as fast charging and safety. The use of power battery can obtain the highest profit.
New energy vehicles have high requirements for batteries. The battery is to have the performance of high energy, high power, fast charging and deep discharge. It requires low battery cost and long service life. The technology of traditional lead-acid battery, nickel cadmium battery and nickel hydrogen battery is mature, but there are great problems when they are used in automobiles as power batteries. At present, more and more automobile manufacturers choose to use lithium battery as the power battery of new energy vehicles.
Lithium battery has the following advantages: small volume, light weight, large energy, long cycle life, low self discharge rate, no memory effect, no pollution, good safety and so on.
Development status of power lithium battery
In the future, new energy vehicles will gradually replace traditional gasoline vehicles. This will become the consensus of various countries to develop the automobile industry. As the core component, the power battery is more favored by enterprises and investors. Power battery is the key to the development of new energy vehicles. Although China’s new energy vehicle battery industry start later than Europe, America and Japan, it develop very fast, and invest a lot of financial and material resources in the research . The National 863 plan has set up a major special project for electric vehicles. Some units have adopted safe manganese system positive active materials. The major projects of the Eleventh Five Year Plan and 863 electric vehicles, also provide strong support for the research and development of key materials and batteries of power lithium-ion batteries for HEV, PHEV and FCV.
Problems encountered in the development of power lithium battery
At present, the bottleneck hindering the development of power lithium-ion battery is safety performance and vehicle power battery management system.
In terms of safety performance, users put forward high requirements for the safety of the battery.
In terms of the manage of automobile power battery, since the working voltage of automobile power battery is 12V or 24V and the working voltage of single power lithium-ion battery is 37V, so multiple batteries must be connected in series to increase the voltage. However, it is difficult for the battery to achieve completely uniform charge and discharge, it will lead to the sharp worsen of battery performance, and finally lead to the failure of the whole battery to work normally or even scrap, which will greatly affect the service life and reliable performance of the battery.
In order to get a good application of power lithium-ion battery, the technology needs to be considered from many aspects, such as material, battery and so on. Therefore, lithium electronics manufacturers and enterprises need to work together to put forward for materials and management systems. Take the battery as the core, improve technology, reduce system cost, and form an industrial cluster.
Development prospect of power lithium battery
Combined with China’s energy resources and the development trend of international vehicle technology, it is expected that after 2025, China’s ordinary gasoline vehicles will account for only about 50% of passenger vehicles. And new energy vehicles such as advanced diesel vehicles, will develop rapidly.
In the future, it will become a trend for new energy vehicles to replace traditional vehicles. Taking power lithium battery as the power source of new energy vehicles can produce huge industrial economic effects, which is also a huge opportunity for battery raw material suppliers and manufacturers.
